Cornerstone

Methamphetamine
Overview

We provide information about Methamphetamine, also known as Meth, including how to identify signs of addiction and options for recovery.

Understanding Methamphetamine as a Drug

Methamphetamine, commonly known as meth, is a highly addictive stimulant drug that affects the central nervous system. First synthesized in the early 20th century, methamphetamine was initially used as a medicinal drug to treat conditions such as narcolepsy, obesity, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, due to its high potential for abuse and addiction, it is now rarely prescribed and is primarily manufactured and used illegally.

Meth can be smoked, snorted, injected, or ingested orally, and it produces intense euphoria, increased energy, and heightened alertness. The drug’s addictive nature has led to widespread abuse, causing significant harm to individuals and communities. Long-term meth use can lead to severe physical and mental health problems, including psychosis, memory loss, and cardiovascular issues, as well as social and economic consequences such as increased crime rates and strain on healthcare systems.

Jump to the following sections

View our Arizona treatment locations

View North Scottsdale

View Scottsdale

View West Phoenix

Understanding Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine was first synthesized in Japan in 1893 by chemist Nagayoshi Nagai. In the early 20th century, it was used as a medicinal drug to treat conditions such as narcolepsy, obesity, and asthma. During World War II, methamphetamine was widely used by soldiers to increase alertness and endurance. After the war, it was prescribed as a diet aid and antidepressant but was eventually restricted due to its high potential for abuse.¹

Methamphetamine is a white, odorless, bitter-tasting crystalline powder that easily dissolves in water or alcohol.² It can also be found in the form of small, brightly colored tablets known as “yaba” or as a rock-like substance called “ice,” which has a crystal-like appearance³. The appearance of methamphetamine can vary depending on the manufacturing process and the presence of impurities or additives.⁴

Methamphetamine, in its pure form, is odorless. However, the chemicals used to manufacture methamphetamine can produce a variety of odors depending on the production method and the quality of the ingredients. These odors are often described as ammonia-like, similar to cat urine or rotten eggs.⁵ The smell of methamphetamine smoke has been compared to the odor of burning plastic or chemicals. It is important to note that the presence of these odors can be an indicator of a methamphetamine lab, which can pose significant health and safety risks to those in the vicinity.

Methamphetamine can be ingested in several ways, each with its own set of risks and effects on the body. The most common methods of ingestion include smoking, snorting, injecting, and oral consumption. Smoking methamphetamine involves heating the drug and inhaling the vapors, which allows for rapid absorption into the bloodstream through the lungs. Snorting involves inhaling the powder through the nose, while injecting requires dissolving the drug in water and injecting it directly into the bloodstream. Oral consumption involves swallowing the drug in pill or capsule form. The method of ingestion can influence the onset, intensity, and duration of the drug’s effects, as well as the potential for addiction and adverse health consequences.

Various tools and devices are used to ingest methamphetamine, depending on the method of consumption. For smoking, users may employ glass pipes, light bulbs, or aluminum foil to heat and inhale the vapors.¹⁰ Snorting may involve using straws, rolled-up paper, or small spoons to insufflate the powder. Injecting methamphetamine requires syringes, needles, and other injection equipment, such as tourniquets and cookers.¹¹ Oral ingestion may not require specific paraphernalia, as the drug can be swallowed in pill or capsule form. It is important to note that sharing paraphernalia, particularly injection equipment, can increase the risk of transmitting blood-borne infections such as HIV and Hepatitis C.

Identifying Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine, also known as meth, crystal meth, ice, or speed, is a highly addictive synthetic stimulant drug. It usually appears as a white, odorless, bitter-tasting crystalline powder. The powder can be compressed into small, brightly colored tablets or larger, clear, crystal-like rocks.
The color of the powder or tablets may vary somewhat. Common tablet colors include white, yellow, orange, green, blue, or pink/red. The appearance can also differ depending on the manufacturing process and the chemicals used. Meth in crystal form will look like glass fragments or shiny bluish-white rocks.
Regardless of the form, methamphetamine is an extremely dangerous drug. It is highly addictive and can cause devastating health consequences, including heart and brain damage, psychosis, skin sores, and rotting teeth. Meth use can quickly lead to substance use disorder and have ruinous effects on all aspects of a person’s life.

Facts About Methamphetamine

Meth is Highly Addictive

Methamphetamine production has evolved from small, home-based labs to large-scale operations known as “superlabs.” These labs can produce massive quantities of meth, fueling its global distribution. Superlabs are often run by organized crime groups, contributing to the complex, transnational nature of methamphetamine production and distribution.

Impact on Crime

Meth use is often associated with increased crime rates. Addicts may resort to illegal activities, such as theft, to support their habit. Additionally, meth production and distribution are often linked to other criminal activities, including money laundering and trafficking.

Effects on Dopamine

Methamphetamine significantly impacts the brain’s dopamine pathway by releasing an excess of dopamine and blocking its reuptake. This leads to an intense and prolonged feeling of pleasure. However, over time, meth depletes dopamine stores and damages dopamine receptors, resulting in decreased sensitivity to pleasure and contributing to the cycle of addiction.

The "Tweaker" Phase

The “Tweaker” phase refers to the period when a meth user has been binging on the drug for an extended time and has stopped experiencing the initial high. In this phase, users can become paranoid, irritable, and prone to erratic behavior, increasing the risk of harm to themselves and others.

Impacts on Mental Health

Methamphetamine abuse can exacerbate existing mental health conditions or lead to new ones. Common issues include anxiety, depression, paranoia, and hallucinations. The drug’s effect on neurotransmitters contributes to these conditions, and managing them can be challenging without comprehensive treatment.

Regional Difference in Use

Methamphetamine use varies by region. In rural areas, home-based labs may be more prevalent, contributing to local drug problems. In urban areas, the influence of international drug networks and superlabs can fuel meth’s availability. These regional differences necessitate tailored strategies for prevention and treatment.

Recovering From Methamphetamine Addiction

Overcoming methamphetamine addiction is challenging but possible with the right support, treatment, and dedication. While the path to recovery is different for everyone, it often involves a combination of behavioral therapies, such as Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and contingency management, as well as Medication-Assisted Treatments (MAT) to manage withdrawal symptoms and cravings. Support from family, friends, and peer support groups like Crystal Meth Anonymous can also play a crucial role in maintaining sobriety and preventing relapse. It is important to remember that recovery is a lifelong process, and seeking help is a sign of strength, not weakness. If you or someone you know is struggling with methamphetamine addiction, know that there is hope and resources available to help you on your journey to recovery.

Explore All Programs

The image above showcases the different stages of methamphetamine addiction in a real meth user.

Get Treatment For Meth Addiction

The Stages of Meth Addiction

The stages of methamphetamine addiction typically progress from experimentation to regular use and then to dependence and addiction. Initially, users may try meth occasionally or in social settings, seeking the drug’s euphoric and stimulating effects.
As tolerance develops, larger doses are needed to achieve the desired high, leading to more frequent and compulsive use. At this stage, users may prioritize drug use over other responsibilities and relationships, experiencing changes in behavior, sleep patterns, and appetite.
Prolonged meth use can result in severe physical and mental health consequences, such as weight loss, dental problems (“meth mouth”), skin sores, paranoia, and psychosis. Withdrawal symptoms, including depression, fatigue, and intense cravings, can make quitting challenging and increase the risk of relapse.
It is crucial for those struggling with meth addiction to seek professional help, as early intervention and comprehensive treatment plans can significantly improve the chances of successful recovery.

FAQs About Methamphetamine

What are the short-term and long-term effects of methamphetamine use?
Short-term effects of methamphetamine use include increased alertness, euphoria, decreased appetite, and increased heart rate and blood pressure.
Long-term effects may include addiction, psychosis, memory loss, dental problems, weight loss, and an increased risk of infectious diseases such as HIV and hepatitis.

What are the signs and symptoms of methamphetamine addiction?
Methamphetamine addiction can manifest through various behavioral, physical, and psychological symptoms that intensify as the addiction progresses.
Below are the key signs and symptoms of meth addiction:
Increased Alertness and Physical Activity: Unusually energetic behavior and hyperactivity.
Decreased Appetite: Significant weight loss and reduced interest in eating.
Dilated Pupils: Noticeable enlargement of pupils.
Excessive Sweating: Even without physical exertion.
Unusual Sleep Patterns: Extended periods of wakefulness followed by sudden crashes.
Erratic Behavior: Unpredictable mood swings and aggressive or violent actions.
Paranoia or Hallucinations: Irrational fears, auditory and visual hallucinations.
Dental Problems: Rapid deterioration of teeth and gums, often referred to as “meth mouth.”
Skin Sores: Picking at the skin leading to sores and scabs, usually from hallucinations of bugs crawling beneath the skin.
Social Withdrawal: Isolation from friends and family, loss of interest in social activities.
Neglect of Responsibilities: Ignoring work, school, or household duties.
Financial Problems: Spending excessive amounts of money on meth, often leading to financial distress.
Possession of Drug Paraphernalia: Finding items like glass pipes, needles, and burnt spoons.

These symptoms can vary in intensity but typically worsen as addiction progresses.
If you or someone you know is showing signs of meth addiction, seeking professional help is crucial for recovery.

What are the treatment options for methamphetamine addiction?
Treatment for methamphetamine addiction usually involves a combination of behavioral therapies, such as Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and support groups like 12-step programs.
Additionally, Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) may be used to manage withdrawal symptoms and cravings.
Rehabilitation programs can be customized to suit individual needs and can be conducted in either inpatient or outpatient settings to ensure long-term recovery.

How can I help a loved one struggling with methamphetamine addiction?
Helping a loved one struggling with meth addiction requires a compassionate and proactive approach.
Here’s how you can support their journey toward recovery:
Encourage Professional Help: Motivate them to seek treatment from professionals who specialize in addiction.
Offer Emotional Support: Be there to listen and offer emotional support without judgment, recognizing their struggles and validating their feelings.
Provide Information: Share resources and information about addiction and recovery options.
Help with Practical Needs: Assist in arranging transportation to treatment sessions or helping with scheduling.
Stay Involved: Participate in family therapy sessions if appropriate, and stay informed about the recovery process.
Set Clear Boundaries: Clearly communicate your limits to avoid enabling their drug use. Establish and maintain boundaries that protect your well-being while supporting their recovery.
Avoid Enabling: Be mindful not to enable their addiction by refusing to cover up for their behaviors or provide financial support for purchasing drugs.

These steps can create a supportive environment that encourages recovery and helps your loved one feel less isolated as they navigate the challenges of overcoming addiction.

Sources

[1] History of the Methamphetamine Problem – Anglin et al., 2000
[2] Methamphetamine – DEA, 2020
[3] Methamphetamine DrugFacts – NIDA, 2019
[4] Methamphetamine: An Update on Epidemiology, Pharmacology, Clinical Phenomenology, and Treatment Literature
[5] Chemical exposures associated with clandestine methamphetamine laboratories – Martyny et al., 2004
[6] Identifying the Factors Affecting Methamphetamine Use: A Scoping Review

CLINICALLY REVIEWED

Faz Yar Khan, MD FACP

Medical Director

Dr. Faz Yar Kahn, our Medical Director, is an American Board of Internal Medicine-certified physician. He graduated from the Medical University of the Americas and completed his residency at Mercy Hospital in Chicago. With expertise in primary care, hospitalist medicine, critical care, and addiction medicine, along with ACLS certification, Dr. Kahn leads our team in providing exceptional substance abuse treatment.

Read our Editorial Policy

Get Started
Now

Call and speak with one of our caring team members about help for you or a loved one.

CALL NOW (888) 583-3480

Get informed

Visit Cornerstone's
Recovery Knowledge Base

VISIT THE KNOWLEDGE BASE

Unmasking Meth’s Impact: How Does Meth Affect Cognition?
May 14, 2024

How Does Meth Affect Cognition? Take a deep dive with us and learn how Methamphetamine (Meth) impacts the brain and...
Read More

Meth and Skin Sores
May 6, 2024

Methamphetamine, commonly known as meth, is a highly addictive stimulant drug that can have devastating effects on a person’s health,...
Read More

Meth and Cardiovascular Problems
May 6, 2024

Methamphetamine, commonly known as meth, is a highly addictive stimulant drug that can have devastating effects on the body, particularly...
Read More